Isilinganiso sokushintshanisa sidlula 300cc intengo yenjini eNdiya.
Uguquko oluhamba kancane ngokukhula ngokushesha emnothweni womhlaba. Ukukhula okusheshayo kuhlukaniswe kwaba yimithombo emine: ukukhula kwabantu/okuholwa yizisebenzi, ukukhula okuholwa yizinkampani ezizimele, ukukhula okuholwa yizimboni kanye nokukhula okuholwa wuhwebo/okuholwa ngabaholi., inqobo nje uma kungekho zinxushunxushu zezombusazwe/ezempi. Le miphumela isuselwe ekuhlanganiseni izindlela zomlando, zezibalo kanye nethiyori, kanye nasekuhlaziyeni kwethu kwethiyori ubudlelwano phakathi koshintsho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukukhula kanye nentuthuko. Sethula amaqiniso enziwe isitayela mayelana nenguquko nokukhula, kanye nezinhlaka zeconceptual ezihambisana nalawa maqiniso. Ikakhulukazi, sibonisa ukuthi uguquko lwe-gradualism (bigbang) lungase lubangele ukukhula kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali (ukucindezeleka nokwehla kwamandla emali), futhi abalandeli abanekhono elanele (elinganele) lokuhlalisana bangafinyelela (basale ngemuva) umholi.
Ngaphakathi komongo wentengo yenjini ye-European Union (EU) engu-300cc e-india kanye nokusimama ekuphathweni kukadoti, imithetho yakamuva ye-EU idinga inani lenjini engu-300cc e-india izindlela zokulahla ezisebenza kahle nezizwakalayo zemvelo zeMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW). Njengamanje, indawo yokulahla imfucumfucu enezingqinamba eziningi iyindlela ekhethwayo e-EU nakwamanye amazwe amaningi anezimboni. Ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokuphathwa kwemfucuza ukulahlwa okushisayo ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kuyindlela esebenzayo nefakazelwe. Kodwa, indlela ebusayo, ukushiswa kwe-grate yokushiswa ngobuningi kunezihibe kanye nezisi ezikhishwayo eziyingozi ikakhulukazi nezinsalela zezinqubo eziyingozi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuvele ubuchwepheshe be-pyrolysis kanye ne-gasification ukuze kubhekwane nalezi zinkinga futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphuma kwamandla. Ukugcina abadlali abaningi abasenkundleni benolwazi olunzulu futhi basesikhathini samanje, izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezigcizelela intuthuko yaseYurophu ziyabuyekezwa.
Isenzo esingaphelele sokudlula sinemiphumela ebalulekile yomnotho omkhulu, isb, impendulo yohwebo ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushintshisana, ukulingana kokushaqeka kwezinga lokushintshisana, noma ukusebenza kahle kwenqubomgomo yezimali, kanye nenani lamaphepha lizama ukulinganisa izinga lokushintshisana. i-pass-through (ERPT) isebenzisa idatha yomkhakha omkhulu noma ehlanganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukudlula okungaphelele kuwumphumela ngokuyisisekelo wokuziphatha kwezomnotho ezincane, izici zakhona ezinobufakazi kufanele zifundwe ngezinga elihlukaniswe kakhulu nelamazwe amabili. Ngempela, imiphumela esekelwe emincane iyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe izilinganiso ze-ERPT ezisekelwe ku-macro, njengoba lokhu kuphumela kukho kokubili i-ERPT yezinga lomkhiqizo kanye nomthelela wokuqamba. Izinqumo zokudlula kwezinga lokushintshisana ziyaphenywa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwethiyori lapho ukuncintisana kwe-oligopolistic kuvunyelwe. Izilinganiso eziqinile zibonisa lokho ukulawula amandla emakethe yabathumeli ngaphandle.
Inhloso yaleli phepha ukuhlola amandla elanga kanye nokuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa ukushisisa kwamanzi ngelanga ukuze kusetshenziswe indawo yokuhlala e-Inland Norway. Amandla elanga asuselwe ekubonweni nakudatha yesathelayithi yezindawo ezine ezivamile ezinabantu abaningi ahloliwe futhi asetshenziselwa ukulinganisa isivuno samandla kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezimbili zabaqoqi belanga ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukusebenza kwe-technoeconomic. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni, intengo yenjini ye-solar 300cc ekusetshenzisweni kwe-india ukushisisa amanzi iyaqhudelana futhi iyasebenza ngisho nasezindaweni ezingaba namandla elanga aphansi. Kulolu cwaningo kuboniswe ukuthi umqoqi we-tubular ojwayelekile e-Inland Norway anganikeza i-62% yesidingo samandla okushisa wamanzi wonyaka wendlu eyodwa yokuhlala, kuyilapho amapuleti acwebeziwe ayisicaba anobukhulu obufanayo akwazi ukuhlinzeka ngama-48%. Ngesidingo samandla esinikeziwe e-Inland Norway, abaqoqi be-tubular bancanyelwa ukuqoqa amapuleti ayisicaba ngenxa yokusebenza nezizathu zezindleko. Lokhu kuboniswe ngezindleko zekhephithali ezilinganayo zochungechunge lwemininingwane yabaqoqi.
Hlaziya inkinga yokuminyana ngokugcizelela ekubeni nenqubomgomo ehlanganisa isixazululo esingokoqobo sokuba nokuhamba okuthengekayo, okufinyelelekayo, okuthembekile nokwamukelekayo. Kutholwe ukuthi esimweni sasemadolobheni aseNdiya, uhlelo lwezokuthutha lwe-modal kumele lukwazi ukuba nomthamo wokuthwala oguquguqukayo onesidingo sesikhala esincane. Olunye uhlangothi wukuba nohlelo lwezokuthutha olukhangayo olungaheha abantu ukuthi basuke kwezokuthutha ezizimele baye ohlelweni lwezokuthutha zomphakathi ngoba inkinga yezokuthutha izokhula kuphela ngokukhula nokuthuthuka kwabantu. Lokhu kuzofaka ingcindezi enkulu engqalasizinda yemigwaqo enezindleko ezinkulu. Isixazululo esingaba khona kungaba ukwethulwa kwe-Light Rail Transit (LRT) ngezinga elikhulu. Ekugcineni, umfanekiso wedolobha lase-Bangalore wenziwe ukuhlola izinzuzo ze-LRT.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuchaza ukusetshenziswa okungaba khona kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amalahle aluhlaza" ekukhiqizeni i-biofuel. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-microalgae nezinye izitshalo kunikezwa, futhi izinzuzo zabo ziyagqanyiswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-biofuels asuka ku-microalgae biomass kuyachazwa, njengokusetshenziswa kwezithako zolwelwe (isb. i-biodiesel emafutheni, i-bioethanol esitashini), ukucubungula yonke i-biomass (isb. i-gasification, i-biohydrogen, i-jet fuel), kanye nokukhiqizwa okuqondile (isib. utshwala, ama-alkanes). Izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ze-Microalgal biomass nazo zibaluliwe, okuhlanganisa amanani okukhiqiza nezindleko zokukhiqiza/zokucubungula. Isu lokutshalwa kwe-algae kanye nemingcele yesiko eliyinhloko kukhonjisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuvuna i-biomass kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamaseli. Ukuthunjwa kwe-CO 2 kuyagcizelelwa ngenxa yentshisekelo yayo engangabazeki yokuhlanza umhlaba wethu. Kubuye kuxoxwe ngokuhlaziywa komjikelezo wokuphila. Isu le-algal biorefinery, elingahlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuguqula ukuze kukhiqizwe i-biofuel liyagqanyiswa.
Ukukhanda Umgwaqo Oya ku-Algal Biofuels Ngokuthuthukiswa Kwengqalasizinda Yezakhi Zofuzo 271 Umfanekiso 1. Umdwebo wokugeleza kwenqubo ye-algal kanye nokuthathwa kwe-CO2 yezimboni edidiyelwe. 2.1 Ukusebenziseka kwezohwebo kwama-microalgal biofuel Njengoba igama elithi 'microalgae' liphakamisa, ubukhulu obuhlobene balezi zinambuzane bungase bubonakale bungafaneleki ukukhiqiza amanani amakhulu e-biofuel emhlabeni wonke; noma kunjalo, ulwelwe oluncane lunikeza izimfanelo eziningi ezinhle zokukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zasemhlabeni we-bioenergy. Umgomo oyisisekelo wokukhiqiza i-biofuel nge-microalgae ukuxhaphaza lawa maseli njengamafekthri ebhayoloji, okuphuma kwawo kwe-lipid kungaba ngamaphesenti angama-70 engqikithi yawo eyomile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Nakuba izinhlobo eziningi zolwelwe zibonisa amandla emvelo okukhiqiza amanani amaningi kawoyela ukuze aguqulelwe ku-biofuel, isithiyo esikhulu ekuhwebeni kwenqubo enjalo sisekwenyukeni. Impumelelo eminingi ethokozisayo ku-algal biotechnology yenzekile ebhentshini lalebhu, kodwa ukutshalwa kolwelwe ngobuningi kusahambisana nezinye zezinkinga eziyinselele kakhulu.
Uchungechunge lwesikhathi lwentengo yegolide emakethe yase-India kanye nenkomba yentengo yomthengi yomhlaba wonke yenkathi kaJanuwari 1985 kuya kuJuni 2013 kuyahlaziywa ngokuya nge-multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). Okuguquguqukayo kwe-Multifractal, njenge-exponent ye-Hurst ejwayelekile, i-exponent ye-multifractal mass, i-spectrum eyodwa, ikhishiwe kukho kokubili uchungechunge. Kugcizelelwa ngokukhethekile emithonjeni engase ibe khona yokuhlobana kulolu chungechunge. Imiphumela ye-multifractal ifakwe kumodeli ye-binomial multifractal ejwayelekile iqukethe amapharamitha amabili kuphela. Ukuhlaziya kwethu kubonisa ukuthi imvelo ehlukahlukene yochungechunge lwesikhathi lwemakethe yegolide yase-India kanye nochungechunge lwenkomba yentengo yomthengi emhlabeni wonke kungenxa yakho kokubili ukuhlobana kwesikhashana kwebanga elide kanye nomsebenzi wokuminyana wamanani omsila onamafutha. Ngokumangalisayo, uchungechunge luchazwa kahle ngemodeli ye-binomial multifractal esetshenziswayo.
Ukubikezelwa kwentengo kawoyela bekulokhu kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yethonya lawo ekuqhubekiseni umnotho wezwe. Empeleni, imboni ye-petroleum ithathwa njengebamba elikhulu iqhaza emkhakheni wezimboni mayelana nokuhlinzeka ngezinto ezingavuthiwe kwezinye izimboni kanye nokwenza imali engenayo. Ngenxa yemvelo engaqondile futhi engalindelekile yamanani kawoyela, kusungulwe amasu amaningi okubikezela futhi asetshenziselwe ukuhlola ukuthi ayakwazi yini ukubikezela amanani kawoyela ngendlela egculisayo. Kuleli phepha, izindlela ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kabanzi, ukuhlaziya i-ARIMA kanye nenethiwekhi ye-GMDH Neural kusetshenziswe ukubikezela amanani entengo yemikhiqizo emine ye-petroleum njengoPhetroli, uDizili, i-LPG kanye noKherosene eNdiya isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezintathu. Imiphumela etholiwe iqhathaniswa nezintengo zangempela zesikhathi esingenhla. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ukunemba sekukonke uma kucatshangelwa yonke imikhiqizo emine ye-petroleum kukhombisa imiphumela ethembisayo ngaleyo ndlela ivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukubikezela amanani entengo yemikhiqizo ehlukene kaphethiloli eNdiya.
Izici ezikhulayo zokudlula ubukhulu bokulawulwa kwangaphandle kanye nobunikazi, isabelo somkhiqizo othunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nesabelo sezimboni zokuthekelisa kwamanye amazwe kukho konke okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe. U-Athukorala no-Menon bathola i-coefficient ephansi yokudlula ye-Japan kusetshenziswa incazelo ehlukile yokudlula - 'ingqikithi yokudlula' (TPT). Ngokufanelekile, i-PTM empeleni 'iyinto yesikhashana eklanyelwe ukuthenga isikhathi' kuze kube yilapho inkampani isikwazi ukwenza izinguquko ezifanele zohlangothi. Njengoba uhlobo lwemali lomthumeli kwamanye amazwe lwazisa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthumeli kwamanye amazwe, amanani azothengiswa, ngokugcina intengo yomthengi ovela kwamanye amazwe izinzile futhi ahlukanise izilinganiso zakhe. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside izindleko zokufakwayo eziphansi ngenxa yokubongwa kohlobo lwemali zimvumela ukuthi alondoloze inani lemali yangaphandle 'yecebo' enengcindezi encane emalini yakhe yenzuzo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokutholwa yilawo maqhinga okukhulisa ibhizinisi athathwa izinkampani ukubeka ibhizinisi lazo phezulu phakathi kwezimbangi zazo. Njengengxenye yesu lebhizinisi, lezi yilezo zinqumo zokutshala izimali ezinikela ngezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zezomnotho/ezezimali noma okungezona ezezomnotho/okungezona ezezimali kubanikazi bamasheya, amakhasimende kanye nabasebenzi abahlobene nefemu. Inhlanganisela yebhizinisi ngokuhlanganiswa noma ukutholwa, isiza izinkampani ukuthi zisebenzise izinsiza zazo ezibonakalayo nezabantu ezihambisanayo ezisebenzisa amakhono azo futhi iletha inzuzo yokuncintisana yenkampani phakathi kwezinye izinkampani. Ebusweni obushintshayo bendawo yebhizinisi enokuncintisana, izinkampani zaseNdiya nasemhlabeni jikelele zisebenzisa le M&A njengesu lokukhula. Leli phepha liphenya ukusebenza kwentengo yesitoko kwezinkampani ezikhiqizayo eNdiya. Ngenhloso, unyaka owodwa ngaphambi kanye nonyaka owodwa ngemva kokuthathwa kwe-M&A ukuze kuhlaziywe ukusebenza nokwazi umthelela osheshayo we-M&A.
Uhulumeni wase-India wakhulula umnotho wakhe, wavula umkhakha wamandla ukuze ubambe iqhaza ezimele. Imihlahlandlela ekhona ekhona ye-Central Electricity Authority yabakhiqizi bamandla abazimele (i-IPPs) iyahlaziywa ukuze kutholwe inani lengqikithi yamandla kanye nezinga langaphakathi lembuyiselo yezimboni zamandla kagesi wamalahle kanye nomjikelezo ohlangene wegesi yemvelo, ngaphansi kokuqagela okuhlukile kwemingcele yokufaka. Imiphumela ibonisa amazinga enzuzo angaphezu kuka-16%. Ukuhlaziywa kokungaqiniseki kwembula ukubaluleka okuhlobene kwamapharamitha ahlukahlukene. Izinkinga nemihlahlandlela ekhona ziyaboniswa, zinikeza imininingwane yezinguquko zenqubomgomo. Ukwamukelwa kwemihlahlandlela eguquliwe yama-IPP esobala kakhulu kungenzeka kuphumele ezindlekweni ezithengekayo, ukubambezeleka okuncane kodwa nokho kunikeze amanani anele embuyiselo kubatshalizimali.
Ukushoda kwezimali kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwemakethe yamasheya e-India ngokusebenzisa minyaka yonke . Ucwaningo lusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwezimpande zeyunithi ye-Ng-Perron ukuze kubhekwe impahla engamile yochungechunge; ukuhlolwa kwemingcele ye-Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) kanye neVector Error Correction Model (VECM) yokuhlola kokubili ubudlelwano obunamandla besikhathi eside nobufushane. I-variance decomposition (VDC) isetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukushaqeka kwangaphandle kokuguquguqukayo. Okutholwe kokuhlolwa kwemingcele kuveza ukuthi isibalo esilinganiselwe nochungechunge kuhlanganiswe ndawonye. Imiphumela ye-ARDL iphakamisa ubudlelwano obungebuhle besikhathi eside bukhona phakathi kokushoda kwesabelomali nezintengo zesitoko futhi akubonisi noma yibuphi ubudlelwano obubalulekile ngesikhathi esifushane. Umphumela we-VECM ubonisa ukuthi ukushoda kwezimali kuthonya intengo yesitoko kuphela ngesikhathi esifushane. Imiphumela ye-Varian Decomposition ibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kwentengo yesitoko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuchazwa kakhulu ukushaqeka kokushoda kwezimali.
Sihlaziye ukuqwashisa kwabalimi mayelana Nenani Eliphansi Lokwesekwa (i-MSP) lezitshalo ezitshalwa yibona kusetshenziswa idatha emele izwe lonke eqoqwe yi-NSSO, (umjikelezo wama-70). Imininingwane iveze ukuthi ngamaphesenti angama-23.72 kanye nangama-20.04 kuphela emindeni yezolimo yasemakhaya e-India eyazi nge-MSP yezitshalo ezitshalwe yibona. Ukuqwashisa bekuphezulu ngerayisi nokolweni ezifundazweni ezifana ne-Haryana, i-Punjab ne-Chhattisgarh. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya i-probit siphetha ngokuthi i-MSP idinga ukusekelwa ngokuthengwa okusebenzayo okuhambisana nemizamo yokwandisa ukuze abalimi abaningi bathole izinzuzo zokusekelwa kwamanani. Sisebenzise imodeli yokukhetha u-Heckman ukuze sihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kolwazi lomlimi lwe-MSP kanye nesinqumo sokuyofuna ngokukhethekile izitshalo. Ukugxekwa okushiwo kabanzi ukuthi i-MSP yerayisi nokolweni yenze umlimi ukuthi abele indawo eyengeziwe kwenye yalezi zitshalo (okukhethekile) uma umlimi ekwazi ngakho kuyahlolwa ocwaningweni. Kodwa, ubufakazi obunamandla buphika inkoleloze eyize yokuthi ulwazi lwe-MSP lwenza umlimi aholele ekubeni yisipesheli esikhundleni sokuhlukahluka.
Imakethe yokukhishwa entsha iphathelene nezibambiso ezintsha okokuqala ngqa. Impumelelo yemakethe yokukhishwa okusha nayo incike entengo yama-IPO. Kungaba khona ukuncishiswa kwamanani noma ukweqisa. Manje ezinsukwini ukusebenza kwangemva kwemakethe kwama-IPO sekuthole ukunakwa okwengeziwe. Iphepha lamanje lenzelwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwentengo kwama-IPO e-India kanye nokucwaninga izici ezidlala indima ebalulekile kuma-IPO. Lolu cwaningo luthole ukuthi phakathi kwezindaba ezintsha zayo yonke imikhakha ethathiwe kulolu cwaningo, izindaba zemboni yezokwenziwa kwemithi ngokuvamile zithole izinzuzo ezinhle ezilindele inyanga eyodwa noma ezimbili.
Ukwanelisa ukusabela kweshaja enkulu, ngokuvula ngokugcwele i-valve yokuvala ephaseji elidlula lapho i-clutch ikhishwa ukuze kunqandwe ukukhiqizwa kokungawutholi umoya okuhambisana nokusabela kweshaja enkulu, nangokuvala ngokugcwele i-valve phezu kwe-clutch. umshado. UMTHETHOSISEKO:Emsebenzini womthwalo ophansi i-clutch 8 kagesi iyanqanyulwa futhi ngenxa yalokho, i-supercharger 7 iba sesimweni esingaba khona somjaho, futhi umoya ongenisa umoya endimeni yokungenisa umoya 4 udlula endizeni engu-11b endimeni edlula 11 kusukela ku-solenoid. i-valve 13 ivuliwe ngokugcwele. Uma umthwalo wenjini 1 unyuswa, i-electromagnetic clutch 8 iyasetshenziswa ukushayela i-supercharger 7 ku-supercharge intake-air. I-bypass 11 ibanjwe esimweni sayo esivuleke ngokugcwele ngisho noma i-valve ye-solenoid engu-13 ku-bypass engu-11 evamile ivalwe ngaphandle uma ukucindezela kwesiqephu esikhulu esingu-11a kuba ukucindezela okuphezulu okungavamile.
Of British India, ephuma ochungechungeni Lwezintengo Nemiholo e-India. Sisebenzise kuphela uchungechunge olushiwo ku-Statisticalokuyingxenye ye-India yanamuhla. Amaholo bekungeyeziteshi ezikhethiwe (okungukuthi amadolobha) futhi akalwa ngokwezifundazwe ngabantu bedolobha eliphambene ngoba ngokuvamile kunamaholo aphezulu emadolobheni anabantu abaningi kuyilapho emaphandleni inkulu kakhulu. Khona-ke i-States yalinganiswa ngenani labantu bayo njengoba ngokuvamile i-India emaphakathi yayinabantu abaningi ngamaholo aphezulu. Kusukela ngo-1800-1872 sasebenzisa imithombo eminingana, ikakhulukazi ama-gazette, ama-historical memoirs kanye no-Divekar (1989b) ukuze sithole amaholo angenamakhono namakhono aseNyakatho, futhi Middle India.
Isistimu nendlela esungula futhi egcina izintengo zabathengisi abahlanganyeli kanye nomthengi ogunyaziwe esebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza lwesofthiwe yemethadatha ehlinzeka ngomlando owusizo wokuthenga nezaphulelo zamarekhodi okucwaninga. Uhlelo luhlinzeka ngezintengo eziyisisekelo kanye nezaphulelo zentengo ezisuselwe enanini langempela lokuthengisa lento noma isevisi phakathi nenkathi ethile. Imigomo yenqubo yokulinganisa, kanye ne-algorithms yezibalo esetshenziselwa ukubala "isilinganiso" ingahluka kwinkontileka nenkontileka futhi ichazwa ngendlela abathengi abayibona ilungile, inengqondo nesobala, futhi abathengisi bathola ukwamukeleka. Ukusebenzisa isistimu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi intengo ekhokhelwe into yokuthengisa noma isevisi isekelwe emakethe, nokuthi imigomo nemibandela yokuthengisa iphakamisa amandla okuthenga umthamo, iqinisekisa inani elingcono kakhulu kanye nemibandela engcono kakhulu yayo yonke imisebenzi yezentengiso namuhla. indawo yemakethe.
Umsebenzi wokuthekelisa kanye nokungeniswa kwe-India kokubili ekuhlanganisweni (umhlaba wonke) kanye namazinga abalulekile ezwe ngalinye, kusetshenziswa idatha yochungechunge lwesikhathi lwaminyaka yonke yenkathi 1960-61 kuya ku-1990-91. Ithola ukuthi ukunwebeka kwemali engenayo kwezohwebo kubalulekile nokuthi lokhu kunwebeka kuphezulu kakhulu ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe kunokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kube kubi kwebhalansi yohwebo nokukhula kweminotho. Uhwebo luvamise ukuba yintengo ene-inelastic kodwa lokhu kunwebeka kuvamise ukuba kuphezulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kunokungenisa ezweni. Isamba (esiphelele) samanani amabili okunwebeka ngokuvamile adlula ubunye futhi ngaleyo ndlela sanelisa umbandela we-Marshall-Lerner ukuze kusebenze ukwehla kwamanani ekulawuleni ukungalingani kwezohwebo. Umthelela wokwehliswa kwamanani ka-1966 utholakala ubaluleke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokuthengiswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kunokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi inqubomgomo yenkululeko yangemva kuka-1980 ikhiqize umthelela ofunekayo ekuhwebeni kwezwe laseNdiya.
Ngihlola ukuncintisana phakathi kwabathengisi bemojuli yememori eku-inthanethi enjinini yokusesha amanani. Imodeli yokukhetha ehlukanisiwe ngesikhathi esiqhubekayo ihlongozwa ukuchaza amandla entengo lapho ukufika koshintsho lwentengo yezitolo noma i-wholesale kuthathwa njengokulandela inqubo yokweqa ye-Markov enomkhawulo. Imiphumela yesilinganiso ibonisa ukuthi uguquko olusuka kumanani entengo yezitolo ezinkulu, esikhundleni sezintengo ezincintisanayo zabathengisi, luyimbangela enkulu yomnyakazo wentengo yokudayisa. Ngokusekelwe ezilinganisweni zesidingo kanye nemingcele yenguquko yezwe, ngibala amanani alungile akhulisa inzuzo evela kumamojula ememori ekhwalithi ephansi. Izintengo ezifanele zokudayisa ziphezulu ngo-17 kuya ku-28% kunezintengo zangempela, okusho ukuthi umthengisi kungenzeka ukuthi usethe izintengo kwezinye izinjongo zamasu. Ukwengeza, ngibonisa ukuthi intengo eguquguqukayo iphumela ezintengweni zokuthengisa eziphakeme kunesikhathi esisodwa, intengo emile futhi ngaleyo ndlela intengo eguquguqukayo iyinzuzo kubathengisi.
Ukuhluka komkhiqizo kuba ngumqondo obalulekile ezifundweni zomkhiqizo, nokho, zimbalwa izifundo ezikhona. Kulolu cwaningo, kwenziwa inhlolovo eku-inthanethi ukuze kuhlonzwe izici ezinomthelela ekuhlukeni komkhiqizo kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphenywa ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhluka komkhiqizo nokuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo. Isampula labafundi basenyuvesi abangama-228 ababambe iqhaza futhi izikhangiso ezimbili zikamabonakude zathathwa emiklomelweni ye-Effie. Izentengiso zikhonjiswe kubahlanganyeli futhi bacelwa ukuthi bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo, oluhlanganisa nemibuzo evulekile nevaliwe. Umphumela ubonisa ukuthi ukuhluka komkhiqizo kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukahluka kokwenziwa (Imibala negama lomkhiqizo), kuyilapho ukuhlukaniswa kwebhrendi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezici zomkhiqizo, imisebenzi nezinzuzo, kodwa ukuhlaziya kokuhlobana kubonise ukuthi ukuhluka komkhiqizo nokuhlukaniswa kwebhrendi kuhlobene. Umthelela womsebenzi wokukhangisa nokukhangisa kanye neziphakamiso zezifundo zesikhathi esizayo kwaxoxwa ngazo.
Ukunika amandla ukushintshana kokuqukethwe ngenethiwekhi yezokuxhumana kudalulwa ukuthi kunesigaba sokuqala sabasebenzisi esihlanganisa izinkampani zenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo kanye nesigaba sesibili sabasebenzisi esihlanganisa abahlinzeki bokuqukethwe. Inkundla yesango lokuqukethwe inikezwa enesizindalwazi sokugcina okuqukethwe. Abahlinzeki bokuqukethwe bahlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kusizindalwazi ukuze kusetshenziswe izinkampani zenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo futhi okuqukethwe ekugcineni kunikezwa kumakhasimende angabasebenzisi bezinkampani zenethiwekhi ezingenazintambo.
Toyota Veloz Manje sekunenjini engu-300 cc iGrand New Veloz isiphenduke uhlobo olusha ngokwezifiso zamakhasimende. IVeloz inomthamo wamanje wezinjini ezingu-300 cc. ngaphambili yayinenjini engu-1500 cc kuphela. Esithangamini sabezindaba kwethulwa iPhini likaMengameli we-Avanza i-Astra Motor Djasmin Suparno uthe umehluko enanini lezimoto ezintsha iVeloz 1.3 no-1.5, esukela ku-Rp 10 kuya ku-11 million. Ngomehluko omkhulu ngentengo uzokholelwa ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zabalandeli zine-masing2. IToyota Avanza entsha ye-More Practical and Safe Factors eshayela ezokuphepha ibe ngenye yezinto ezihlosiwe ekuthuthukisweni kweToyota Grand New Avanza. Ubuchwepheshe bebhuleki be-ABS sebujwayelekile. Nokho njengoba ama-disc brakes angenisa umoya emasondweni angaphambili aya ngokuya aqinisekisa ukuthi i-Avanza yakamuva ihlale isesimweni esihle. Akukona nje kuphela ukubhuleka ibhande lezihlalo ezingu-3 kanye ne-headrest kubantu abangu-7 sekuyinto evamile, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, kunjalo, ama-airbag amabili. Ukuqinisa umthelela owenzekile ohlangothini lwemishayo yemiphumela eseceleni nayo yayikhona.
Isistimu yokucubungula i-invoyisi ihlanganisa isistimu yedokhumenti kanye nehabhu le-invoyisi. Isistimu yedokhumenti ithola isithombe sedokhumenti (kungaba i-invoyisi yephepha noma ifayela lesithombe). Isistimu yokuqaphela uhlamvu ikhiqiza ukumelwa kwefayela ledatha ledatha ye-invoyisi kusuka esithombeni sedokhumenti. Injini yokuqinisekisa inani lenkundla yedatha inquma, kunkambu yedatha ngayinye, umthetho ohlotshaniswa nenkambu yedatha ngayinye. Umthetho usetshenziswa enanini lenkundla yedatha ukuze kuhlukaniseke phakathi kwevelu yenkundla evumelekile kanye nenani ledatha elisolwayo. Isikhungo sokulungisa: i) sibonisa ingxenye yesithombe sedokhumenti esihlanganisa inani lenkundla esolwayo;) sithola okokufaka komsebenzisi kwevelu yokushintshanisa ukuze kuthathelwe indawo inani lenkundla esolwayo njengevelu yenkundla yedatha. Ihabhu le-invoyisi lamukela ifayela ledatha elihlanganisa wonke amanani enkundla yedatha aqinisekisiwe futhi ligcina idatha ye-invoyisi kusizindalwazi sokwenziwe. Imojula yokuhlola ukuphathwa kwezindleko yenza umsebenzi wokuhlaziya owodwa okhethiwe wobuningi besethi yepharamitha yokuhlola ukuze kukhiqizwe inani eliwumphumela.
Indlela yokwenza ngokuzenzakalela inqubo yokugibela kanjiniyela angene kuhabhu yokulethwa kwesevisi esetshenziswa ngu-opharetha wenethiwekhi ihlanganisa ukunikeza unjiniyela ulwazi oluhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwehabhu yokuletha isevisi, ukuthola idatha ehlobene nonjiniyela, ukugunyaza unjiniyela, ukuqinisekisa isicelo esihlinzekiwe. ngonjiniyela, futhi ulungiselela uhlelo lokusebenza ukuthi lusetshenziswe. Indlela yokuvumelanisa nehabhu yokuletha isevisi nayo inikeziwe.
Imishini yokulawula umjovo kaphethiloli womjovo kaphethiloli ngesikhathi esifanele ekubhaleni neleveli yesivinini sokugeleza kwegesi endaweni yokungena lapho umjovo wokushaywa wumzimba. Ivalvu yomjovo kaphethiloli ilawulwa ukuze kusethwe iningi elikhulu (ngaphezu kwesigamu) lenkathi yomjovo ukuze kujove uphethiloli ngesikhathi sokushaywa kwe-stroke kumasilinda alandelanayo phakathi nesikhathi lapho umfutho wegesi ongenisayo ukhuphuka. Lapho uthatha umjovo wokushaywa unhlangothi, uphethiloli ujovwa ngesikhathi esifanele ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso kanye nezinga lesivinini sokugeleza kwegesi endaweni yokungena. Ngakho-ke, isimo sengxube yamafutha omoya egumbini elivuthayo sihle kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukwenza ngcono ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokunciphisa ukuphuma kwe-exhaust.
Ithuluzi kanye nendlela yokufaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ubuningi bamadivayisi kudalulwe lapha. Uxhumano oluvikelekile, oluthembekile luyasungulwa phakathi kwedivayisi ekude idivayisi ngayinye yobuningi bamadivayisi. Idivayisi ekude ikhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo ulwazi lwedivayisi kusuka kudivayisi ngayinye yobuningi bamadivayisi. Idivayisi ekude idala i-inventory yobuningi bamadivayisi ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwedivayisi ekhishiwe. Idivayisi ekude igcina ngokuzenzakalelayo i-inventory okuhlanganisa nokukhipha ngokuzenzakalela okungenani ulwazi olubuyekeziwe lwedivayisi oluhlotshaniswa nomcimbi wokubuyekeza wedivayisi yokuqala.
Uhlelo luhlanganisa umamukeli othola okokufaka kumsebenzisi kanye nemojula yegama elifanayo elinquma amagama afanayo okungenani egama elilodwa kokokufaka komsebenzisi. Uhlelo futhi luhlanganisa imojula yokuhlobanisa ethola amagama afanayo asuka kumojula efanayo namatemu asuka kusizindalwazi somthombo wezindaba ezihlokweni bese ikhiqiza umphumela wokuhlotshaniswa okungenani wegama elilodwa elisuka kusizindalwazi somthombo wezindaba wezihloko ezisekelwe ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwegama elisuka ku Isizindalwazi somthombo wezindaba wezihloko kanye nokufaka komsebenzisi. Uhlelo futhi lufaka phakathi imojuli ehlukile edala elinye igama lesizinda elisuselwe kuthemu elisuka kusizindalwazi somthombo wezindaba wezihloko.
Kunikezwe izindlela eziningi zokuthenga nokudayisa kanye nendlela. Umthengisi ekuqaleni usungula ukwakheka kwedili lomkhiqizo, olunikeza umthengisi ulwazi lwemibandela yokuthengisa echazwe ngokuphathelene nokuthengwa komkhiqizo, njengevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye yenani, ikhwalithi, isikhathi sokulethwa kanye nolwazi lwesiqinisekiso. Umthengi uzokwazi ukubuyekeza uhlu lwamadili uma indlela yokuthengisa yomthengisi ifana nenqubo yokuthenga echazwe umthengi. Isakhiwo sedili sihlelelwa ukuhlinzeka abathengi ngazo zombili ulwazi lwentengo nokungelona inani umthengi angalubheka lubalulekile ekuthengeni uhlobo lomkhiqizo olunikezwa umthengisi. Isakhiwo sedili senziwa nge-elekthronikhi kulabo abangaba abathengi bomkhiqizo. Isibonelo, ukwakheka kwedili kungase kuboniswe kusizindalwazi se-inthanethi.
Isenzo esingaphelele sokudlula sinemiphumela ebalulekile yomnotho omkhulu, isb, impendulo yohwebo ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushintshisana, ukulingana kokushaqeka kwezinga lokushintshisana, noma ukusebenza kahle kwenqubomgomo yezimali, kanye nenani lamaphepha lizama ukulinganisa izinga lokushintshisana. i-pass-through (ERPT) isebenzisa idatha yomkhakha omkhulu noma ehlanganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukudlula okungaphelele kuwumphumela ngokuyisisekelo wokuziphatha kwezomnotho ezincane, izici zakhona ezinobufakazi kufanele zifundwe ngezinga elihlukaniswe kakhulu nelamazwe amabili. Ngempela, imiphumela esekelwe emincane iyadingeka ukuze kuqondwe izilinganiso ze-ERPT ezisekelwe ku-macro, njengoba lokhu kuphumela kukho kokubili i-ERPT yezinga lomkhiqizo kanye nomthelela wokuqamba. Leli phepha lisebenzisa isizindalwazi esisha sohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe olusezingeni lamadijithi ayi-6, olunikeza ukusabalala kwesikhathi sika-1989-2003, ukuze kuphenywe ukudlula kwezinga lokushintshisana kokubili ezweni kanye nasezingeni lomkhiqizo. Izinqumo zokudlula kwezinga lokushintshisana ziyaphenywa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwethiyori lapho ukuncintisana kwe-oligopolistic kuvunyelwe.
Okudaluliwe lapha kuwuhlelo lokusesha olususelwa ezithombeni kanye nendlela. Uhlelo lokusesha olususelwa ezithombeni lubandakanya okungenani isiphetho somsebenzisi oyedwa, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ngolwazi, iseva yokusesha, kanye neseva yewebhu. Itheminali yomsebenzisi idlulisela noma iyiphi isignali yetemu lokusesha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu, isignali yokukhetha isithombe kanye nesignali yenhlanganisela yesithombe kuseva yokusesha futhi ithola imiphumela yosesho efanele evela kuseva yosesho. Inethiwekhi yokuxhumana yolwazi ixhuma isiphetho somsebenzisi, iseva yokusesha kanye neseva yewebhu komunye nomunye. Iseva yosesho ithola noma iyiphi isignali yokufaka igama lokusesha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu, isignali yokukhetha isithombe kanye nesignali yenhlanganisela yesithombe evela kutheminali yomsebenzisi, yenze ukusesha isebenzisa ulwazi lwesibaluli sesithombe, futhi idlulisele imiphumela yosesho, okuhlanganisa nezithombe, iye endaweni yomsebenzisi. .
Iseva yedivayisi yeselula (100) ihlanganisa ukwakheka okuguquguqukayo okunobuningi bezingxenye zokuvumela amadivaysi eselula ahlukahlukene kanye nezimiso eziyisisekelo ukuxhumana zodwa kanye nokwamukela idatha evela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zolwazi. I-interface devlets ithumela futhi yamukele imilayezo ngamaphrothokholi afanele. Ama-infolets okufinyelela asebenzisa izindlela zokufinyelela ezifanele ukuze anikeze umbono ongacacile wezikhala zolwazi ezihlukahlukene. Ama-applet anengqondo asebenzisa isevisi kanye/noma uhlelo lokusebenza ngokucubungula ulwazi olusuka kulwazi olulodwa noma ngaphezulu. Enye ingxenye ebizwa ngokuthi i-let engine ixhumana nama-devlets, infolets, nama-applet, futhi igcina ulwazi lwephrofayela yomsebenzisi nedivayisi ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngohlaka oluguquguqukayo lweseva yedivayisi yeselula olungasekela kalula amadivayisi amasha namaphrothokholi.
Inhloso yokusungulwa kwamanje ukuhlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwenjoloba okungenzeka ngayo ukukhiqiza ithayi eligcina ukumelana nokuguga futhi elinamandla amahle kakhulu okungqubuzana eqhweni; kanye nesondo lomoya elikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwerabha. Lokhu kwakheka kwenjoloba kuhlanganisa irabha ye-diene, i-carbon black kanye/noma i-filler emhlophe, kanye ne-masterbatch ekhiqizwa ngaphambili ngokuxuba irabha engadliwe ne-organic peroxide, lapho ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni emnyama nesigcwalisi esimhlophe ingu-20- Izingxenye ezingama-70 ngobuningi ngezingxenye eziyi-100 ngenqwaba yerabha ye-diene futhi okuqukethwe kwerabha engeyona i-diene ku-masterbatch kuyizingxenye ezi-3-30 ngobuningi ngezingxenye eziyi-100 ngenqwaba yerabha ye-diene.
Amasistimu nezindlela zokukhulisa iminikelo.Ukudalulwa kwamanje kunikeza izindlela zokukhulisa iminikelo ngokuqoqa nokubuyekeza okuqukethwe okuvela emithonjeni yolwazi eyahlukene ngokusekelwe kusethi yemibandela. Imithombo yolwazi ingabandakanya ulwazi lwenethiwekhi yomsebenzisi kanye nolwazi lomuntu wesithathu. Imibandela ingabandakanya amagama angukhiye, amapharamitha, noma inhlanganisela yakho. Imiphumela ingasetshenziselwa ukubeka phambili amathemba. Imiphumela ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ngokwezifiso ukuxhumana namathemba. Kwezinye izimo, imiphumela esuselwe kumibandela eminingi ingambozwa.Amasistimu nezindlela zokukhulisa iminikelo.Ungakwazi futhi Ukwengamela Amagama angukhiye bese Ucinga amalungelo obunikazi okulandelela ahlobene nalezi Izinhlelo nezindlela zokukhulisa isicelo selungelo lobunikazi leminikelo.
