Izinhloso Zomphakathi Zokuthenga Imoto Ekagesi ePakistan.
Izimoto zikagesi (EVs) zinamandla okuhola uguquko ekuthuthweni komgwaqo ukusuka ekuhambeni kwe-petroleum evamile ukuya ekuhambeni kukagesi. Naphezu kwezinzuzo eziningi zemvelo, izinga lokungena emakethe lama-EVs lisephansi emazweni amaningi asathuthuka. Muva nje, iPakistan yenze inqubomgomo yayo yokuqala ye-EV ka-2020–2025 ukuze kusheshiswe ukutholwa kwe-EV. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola izici, okuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka ngendawo ezungezile, ukusetshenziswa okucatshangwayo kalula, isikhathi esilindelekile somzamo, ithonya lenhlalo, nezimo ezibonwayo ezilula, ezithinta izinhloso zokuziphatha zabantu zokuthenga ama-EV ePakistan. Imibono ecatshangelwayo yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ezincwadini, futhi inhlolovo yemibuzo ye-inthanethi yenziwa e-Lahore, ePakistan, ukuze kuqoqwe idatha efanele. Indlela yokwenza imodeli yendlela eyisikwele eyingxenye encane yokulinganiswa kwesakhiwo isetshenziselwe ukuhlola umbono. Imiphumela iqinisekise ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kalula, kanye nesikhathi esilindelekile somzamo kunomthelela omuhle ezinhlosweni zomphakathi zokusebenzisa ama-EV esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa-ke, ithonya lezenhlalakahle kanye nezimo ezisizayo azizange ziphawuleke kakhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kukaphethiloli nezimoto zikadizili kubangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokulahlekelwa yimithombo yemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto zikagesi kungaba yinzuzo emphakathini futhi kunciphise ukungcoliswa komoya. Kulolu cwaningo locwaningo, izinhloso ezinkulu ukuhlonza amandla ezimoto zikagesi (EVs) ePakistan kusetshenziswa inhlolovo ye-Stated Preferences (SP). Uhlu lwemibuzo lwe-SP lwaklanywa kusetshenziswa uhlaka lwetiyori lweTheory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Lolu hlu lwemibuzo beluqukethe izici zomuntu siqu zohambo lwabahambi kanye nezitatimende ezihlukahlukene eziklanyelwe ukubhekana nokuhluka kwe-TPB njenge-Attitudes Towards the Electric Vehicles, Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), kanye Nezinhloso Zokuziphatha (BI). Izinto zokuziphatha zaklanywa ngokwengqikithi yokuvuma kwabahambi ukuthenga nokusebenzisa ama-EV. I-Confirmatory Factor Analyzes (CFAs) yenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imibono eklanyelwe ehlobene nokuguquguqukayo kwe-TPB. Ukuhlaziya okuphambene kuveze ukuthi kunokuhlukahluka kwezimpendulo emisebenzini ehlukene, amabanga ohambo, izindlela zokuhamba, nobunikazi bezimoto.
Ukwanda kokungcoliswa kwemvelo kuyinkinga ebucayi isintu esibhekene nayo namuhla.Kuye kwenziwa ukungenelela okuningi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni namanye amagesi abamba ukushisa.Ukungenelela, okufana nokwethulwa kwezimoto zikagesi, nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa amandla avela emithonjeni evuselelekayo ziye zaqaliswa. .IPakistan nayo igxile kakhulu ekusebenziseni imithombo yayo yamandla avuselelekayo futhi imithombo eminingi ikhonjiwe.Amandla omoya athathwa njenganamandla athembisayo futhi iziza eziningi zihlonzwe ukuze kufakwe amapulazi omoya.Kuleli phepha, siqoqe idatha ye amasayithi anesici somthamo (isihluthulelo esibalulekile senani lesikhungo samandla) esingama-25% noma ngaphezulu ku-600 kW iturbine yomoya futhi sisebenzisa Indlela Yesinqumo Semibandela Eminingi ukuze kutholwe indawo efaneleke kakhulu kuya kwefaneleka kakhulu yokufakwa kwepulazi lomoya mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo. .
Kuvezwa amashadi amaningana ahlinzeka ngedatha yokuthekelisa kanye nemakethe yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe yamathayi enjoloba yomoya wezimoto, izinqola zesiteshi nezimoto zomjaho ePakistan ngo-2009 ahlanganisa elilodwa esilinganisweni sezinga eliphelele lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokungenisa ezweni emhlabeni jikelele, elinye linikeza imininingwane. mayelana nezinto ezithengwayo ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene asebenzela iPakistan, futhi elinye lifinyeza izinga lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amathayi enjoloba yomoya avela esifundeni.
Eminyakeni yamuva ngenxa yokwandisa ukuqwashisa ngenani lokudla kwemifino, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuyanda kancane kancane. Nokho, imifino iqukethe izakhi ezinobuthi futhi ezibalulekile. I-Trace metals iwukungcola okubalulekile okutholakala esicutshini nangaphezulu kwemifino. Ukufakwa kwe-trace metals emifino kuhlobene nemithombo eminingi efana nomoya ongcolile, ukukhishwa kwezimoto, uthuli lomgwaqo olumisiwe kabusha, izimboni ezincane, omba izitini kanye nojeneretha kadizili. Eminye imithombo yokulandela izinsimbi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya ihlanganisa ukungcola kwezimboni, indle nemfucumfucu yasemapulazini eholela enhlabathini nemifino engcolile . Izinsimbi ezinzima, njenge-Lead (Pb), i-Nickel (Ni), i-Cadmium (Cd), i-Copper (Cu), i-Chromium (i-Cr) ne-Mercury (Hg) iwukungcola kwemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kokuchelelwa kwamanzi angcolile. Ukulandelela izinsimbi ezinqwabelene emifino kubangela usongo oluqondile empilweni yomuntu.
Kuvezwa amashadi amaningana ahlinzeka ngedatha yokuthekelisa kanye nemakethe yokungenisa kwamanye amazwe yama-razor angewona kagesi e-Pakistan ngo-2009 ahlanganisa elilodwa esilinganisweni sesamba sezinga lokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokungenisa ezweni emhlabeni jikelele, elinye lihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe okuvela emazweni ahlukahlukene anikezelayo. I-Pakistan, kanye neyodwa ifinyeza izinga lokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwezinsingo ezingezona zikagesi ezivela ePakistan.
Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwama-compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) kuye kwakhuthazwa ngesisekelo sokuthi kuzoholela ekongeni okubalulekile kugesi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Sisebenzisa inhlolovo yezinga lasekhaya lokukhanyisa nokusetshenziswa kukagesi e-Pakistan, sihlola isinqumo sokwamukela ama-CFL kanye nomthelela olandelayo wokwamukelwa kwe-CFL ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi. Ukwamukelwa kwe-CFL kuthonywa kakhulu izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingummeleli wemali engenayo kanye nokulindelwe okucatshangwayo mayelana nesikhathi sokuphila sama-CFL. Lokhu okutholakele kubonisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo ezifundisa amakhaya ngesikhathi sokuphila kwama-CFL zingase zibonakale zisebenza kahle ekwandiseni ukutholwa kwe-CFL. Nokho, ukonga ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi kusukela ekutholweni kwe-CFL kuncane kunokulindelekile. Sithola ukuthi u-27%–41% wokonga amandla okungaba khona asuswa kukho kokubili umthamo we-bulb okhulisiwe kanye nesikhathi sokukhanyisa eside. Lokhu kusabela kokuziphatha ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza kahle kwamandla ngakho-ke kunciphisa ezinye zezinzuzo zokuphromotha ama-CFL njengendlela yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokulondoloza indawo ezungezile.
Ukushaqeka kwaseShayina (okukhulu, okuvamise ukukhuphuka ngokuzumayo, kanye nokwenyuka okubukhali kokuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yaseShayina eshibhile) kuthinte izimboni eziningi ezikhiqiza imikhiqizo edayiswayo emazweni amaningi anemali engenayo ephansi, kuhlanganise nalawo ase-SSA. Ingxenye III yale ncwadi (Izahluko 6 no-7) ihlola indaba yokuthi izimboni ezinjalo ezifundeni ezinemali encane zibhekana kanjani nokushaqeka kwaseShayina, ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lweqoqo lokufakwa kukagesi ePakistan kanye neqoqo lezicathulo zesikhumba e-Ethiopia. Lawa macala amabili ayizibonelo ezithokozisayo zokushaqeka kweChina okunqotshwa ngempumelelo ukuqanjwa kwezinto eziningi.
Umkhakha kagesi wasePakistan usenkingeni: isikhathi eside sokucinywa kukagesi saqhubeka ngo-2010 futhi izikweletu eziyindilinga ziyanda. Naphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizeni amandla, isidingo sikagesi sisaqhubeka sidlula ukuhlinzekwa kukagesi, nokucinywa kukagesi isikhathi eside esingamahora angu-8-10 ngosuku emadolobheni futhi ngezinye izikhathi okuphindwe kabili kunasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, futhi kubonakala kabanzi njengesithiyo esikhulu ekukhuleni nasekunciphiseni ubumpofu, uhulumeni. kwaphoqeleka ukuthi kuqashelwe umkhumbi onamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ukuze kukhuliswe umthamo wokukhiqiza. Khonamanjalo, ukungakwazi kukahulumeni wasePakistan (i-GOP) ukuxhasa ngezimali ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekuxhaseni ngezimali uxhaso, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinkampani zomkhakha okuhlanganisa namaqoqo aphansi, ukubambezeleka ekunqumeni kanye nezaziso, kanye nezindleko ezikhuphukayo zokungeniswa kukaphethiloli kunomthelela enkingeni eyandayo yezikweletu eziyindilinga. Ukuhlaziya kubonisa ukuthi uma kubhekwa izindleko zamanje zokuphakelwa kukagesi, ukwakheka kwentela kuzothuthukisa izehlakalo zenzuzo yezibonelelo zikagesi kubasebenzisi abahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala futhi kunciphise umthwalo wezimali ngokuphawulekayo uma kuqhathaniswa.
I-Suzuki izuza ingxenye yemakethe elinganiselwa ku-56% okungaphezu kwesabelo semakethe sakwaHonda cishe izikhathi ezinhlanu. Njengoba abakwaSuzuki begcizelela kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zemakethe bakhiqiza izimoto ezincane ezingu-800cc no-100cc okufeza .Ukuntula kwaHonda ukuthola lesi sabelo semakethe ngakho basemuva ngokukhiqiza cishe ngo-500%. I-Suzuki ishoda ngemuva kwe-Honda ngezimoto ezingu-1300cc noma ngaphezulu .Kodwa umehluko awukho kakhulu I-Suzuki ihlanganisa i-Honda ngo-Baleno bese kuba ngu-liana. Kodwa lezi zinhlobo aziqhudelani nezinhlobo zakamuva ze-civic ne-city.
I-Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) inikeze uxhaso lwezimali zemisebenzi engu-11 ePakistan ebiza ngaphezu kuka-$3 million, enye yazo esaqhubeka. Le misebenzi isize ekuqwashiseni ababambiqhaza ngezingqinamba ezibalulekile kanye namathuba okuba imboni ezimele ibambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni zengqalasizinda, ukwakha ukuvumelana ngezinguquko zenqubomgomo, ukuhlonza amathuba okuhlanganisa izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla ezobuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwegunya likazwelonke lokulawula amandla kagesi, ukulawulwa kukawoyela negesi. igunya, inkampani yesikhwama sesevisi yendawo yonke, kanye neyunithi yedolobha e-Punjab ukuze yenze izinguquko. I-PPIAF inikeze ukwesekwa kuhulumeni ngokuxhasa umhlangano wokwakha ukuvumelana ngenqubomgomo ehambisanayo kanye nohlelo lwe-Public-Private Partnership (PPPs) ekulethweni kwezinsiza zengqalasizinda. Inhloso yalo mhlangano bekuwukuxoxisana phakathi kwabenzi benqubomgomo kahulumeni ababalulekile kusukela kukhomishana yokuhlela, ungqongqoshe wezinkampani ezizimele, ungqongqoshe wezezimali, ungqongqoshe wohulumeni basekhaya nowezifundazwe, ihhovisi lokwakha kabusha kuzwelonke.
Ukusimama kwendawo ezungezile, ukungcoliswa komoya kanye nokonga imithombo yemvelo sekuyinto ehamba phambili hhayi kuhulumeni kuphela kodwa abacwaningi, abasebenzi kanye nabathengi. Ukukhula kwemboni yezokuthutha kuphakamisa izinga lokuphila labathengi kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, konakala imvelo futhi kungcolise umoya ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka njengePakistan. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi eziyingxubevange kwenza abathengi bakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zabo zokuhamba ngomphumela omncane emvelweni. Ngale njongo, kubaluleka ukuqonda izinhloso zabathengi mayelana nokutholwa kwezimoto eziyingxube ePakistan. Ukugcina lokhu engqondweni, imodeli enwetshiwe yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe enanini lesiko lika-Hofstede kanye nethiyori yokuziphatha okuhleliwe. Isamba sezimpendulo ezingama-558 zasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya idatha nge-PLS-SEM. Imiphumela iphakamise ukuthi imibono eyisikhombisa kweyisishiyagalombili yamukelwe, futhi eyodwa yenqatshwa. Izizathu ezingase zibe khona kanye nemithelela engokoqobo yemiphumela kuxoxwa ngayo. Ekugcineni, kuxoxwa ngemikhawulo neziqondiso zesikhathi esizayo zocwaningo.
Ukwamukelwa kwama-EV ngezinga elikhulu kuzoholela ekudambiseni izinkinga ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa kwekhabhoni, ukuncika kukaphethiloli, kanye nokuchuma kwezomnotho. Kodwa-ke, iPakistan ebhekene noxhaxha lwezithiyo ezihlanganisa imikhakha kanye nezinhlobonhlobo isanda kuthatha isinqumo sokusuka kuma-ICE iye kuma-EV ngezinketho zenqubomgomo ezinhlobonhlobo zabakhiqizi bezimoto, amakhasimende kanye nababambiqhaza bomhlaba wonke. Leli phepha linikeza umbono oningiliziwe wokuvuthwa okuqhubekayo kwama-EV futhi libhekana nezinselele ezinkulu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo namathuba ePakistan. Ukubuyekezwa kukhombisa ukuthi uxhaso lwezimali zezwe, izintengo zemakethe, ububi bobuchwepheshe, nezithiyo zomphakathi ezinye zezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthi ama-EV ajoyine imakethe yamanje. Ngakho-ke, izincomo zibekwe ngokuhambisana nezithiyo ezihambisanayo ukuze kugqugquzelwe ikhono nokwanda kwemboni ye-EVs okuzoba nomthelela ekusaseni elivikeleke kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintshela kwePakistan kuma-EVs kunikeza ingqopha-mlando ethokozisayo, kunesidingo sokwamukela isu elisebenzayo nelisebenzayo lokulandelela izici ezinhle.
Izimoto ezijwayelekile ziqukethe i-ICE (Injini Evuthayo Yangaphakathi) futhi injini isebenza kuphela kuphethiloli noma kuphethiloli. Ukwanda kwenani lezimoto nsuku zonke kanye nokwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli noma uphethiloli eminyakeni embalwa edlule kusiphoqa ukuthi sibheke ezinye izindlela ezingasebenzisa uphethiloli noma uphethiloli ngempumelelo. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi ukunyuka kwamanani kaphethiloli noma uphethiloli emazweni asathuthuka njengePakistan kuyenyuka usuku nosuku. Isibonelo nje intengo emaphakathi kaphethiloli ngonyaka wezi-2008 yayicishe ibe ngama-Rs angama-60 kanti inani lentengo likaphethiloli ngonyaka wezi-2012 litholakala liyi-100 Rs. Lokhu kunyuka okukhulu kwamanani kaphethiloli ikakhulukazi uphethiloli kuvumela abantu ukuthi bacabange ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwama-ICE ajwayelekile ngokuhlanganisa injini kagesi nayo Ngokwemininingwane enikeziwe cishe inyuke ngo-80% intengo kaphethiloli uma kubhekwa iminyaka emihlanu edlule ePakistan. .
Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola izici ezinjalo ezithinta inhloso yokuthenga yabathengi ezimotweni zase-Japan ezingenisiwe kanye nokuhlaziya umbono ovamile mayelana nokuhlomula okuhlobene kwezimoto zase-Japan ezingenisiwe ezimotweni ezihlanganiswe endaweni. Ukwethembeka kusetshenziswa ngomqondo wokwethembeka njengoba kuyikhwalithi yokwethembeka noma ukwenza kahle ngokungaguquki. Lolu cwaningo lugcizelela umthelela wokuhluka okune okuzimele okutholakala ikakhulukazi ezincwadini ezihlanganisa ukuqwashisa ngomkhiqizo, ukuhlotshaniswa komkhiqizo, ikhwalithi ecatshangwayo, nokwethembeka komkhiqizo. Inhloso yokuthenga yomthengi ngemoto yaseJapan ePakistan iwukuhluka okuncikile. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise inhlolovo esekelwe kuhlu lwemibuzo futhi abaphendulile bahlolwa esikalini samaphuzu angu-5 se-Likert esisuka ku-1-abaphika ngokuqinile kuya ku-5-bavumelana ngokuqinile. Isamba semibuzo yemibuzo eyi-165 satshalaliswa phakathi kwaso kwasetshenziswa imibuzo eyi-150. Okunye kulolu cwaningo kusetshenziswe indlela yokwenza isampula (okungeyona into engenzeka) esekwe lula.
Ucwaningo lwezifo lulinganisela ukuthi ukulimala komgwaqo (ama-RTIs) kuzoba imbangela yesithathu ehamba phambili yokulahlekelwa ukukhubazeka kweminyaka yokuphila, futhi izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokufa zenzeka emazweni asathuthuka kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuthutha ezisekelwe ezimotweni zihlotshaniswa nokungcoliswa komoya (ubuthi bomthofu, isifuba somoya kanye nokunqwabelana kwesisi esibamba ukushisa), ukuphazamiseka komsindo, ukungasebenzi komzimba nokukhuluphala. Lolu cwaningo lubuyekeze izincwadi zezokuthutha emgwaqeni ePakistan kanye nomthelela emiphumeleni yezempilo; lwahlola izinqubomgomo zezempilo ukuze kuhlolwe ukugxila kwazo ezinkingeni zezempilo ezihlobene nezokuthutha; futhi kuhlonzwe izikhala zenqubomgomo zocwaningo lwangomuso. Ukubuyekezwa kwendlela yokwenza izincwadi ngemiphumela eqondile nengaqondile yezokuthutha zomgwaqo ePakistan. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlanganisa amadokhumenti kahulumeni, amamemo, izitatimende nezinqubomgomo ezisalungiswa kanye nama-athikili afanelekile akhonjwe ku-MEDLINE. Ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kwembula ukuthi ayikho inqubomgomo yezokuthutha egunyaziwe ePakistan, ngaphandle kwemibhalo emithathu yenqubomgomo yezempilo kazwelonke.
Leli phepha licubungula izici ezihlukene zokuphatha kubhekiselwa ku-NEPRA (Isigungu Sikazwelonke Sokulawula Amandla Kagesi), isiphathimandla esilawulayo esakhiwa ngo-1997 ukuze kuvikelwe izithakazelo zabathengi ekuhlinzekweni kukagesi, kanye nokuqinisekisa isimo esisebenza kahle nesinokuncintisana sabaphehli bakagesi nabasabalalisi. Inhloso ukuthola izizathu ezenza ukuthi umkhakha kagesi ungasebenzi kahle ePakistan. Ukubusa kokuphatha okubuthakathaka ku-NEPRA kudlangile ngendlela yokuntuleka kokuzimela, okuholela ekungakwazini okuphelele kwesikhungo ukwenza imisebenzi efiswayo ngempumelelo. Ukwengeza, i-NEPRA ayinabo ubungcweti bokwengamela nokulawula umkhakha wamandla kagesi, nokusungula uhlelo lwamanani olunengqondo nolulinganayo.
Kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, iPakistan ibhekene nezinkinga ezinkulu zokuntuleka kwamandla. Minyaka yonke uhulumeni wasePakistan usebenzisa imali engaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-14.5 zamadola aseMelika ukungenisa uwoyela ongahluziwe ukuze kugcwaliswe igebe lamandla. Isidingo samandla sikhula ngokushesha kodwa ukuhlola nokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo akuhlangabezani nezidingo zezidingo. Ukungatholakali kwamandla ePakistan kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14-20hper. Kuleli phepha, amandla e-biogas abuyekezwa ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo samandla ePakistan. I-cubic meter eyodwa ye-biogas ingakhiqiza amandla kagesi angu-2.5KWh. Izinga lokukhula konyaka lomkhakha wemfuyo lingama-4% ePakistan kanti ubulongwe bayo bungakhiqiza amandla kagesi angu-35.625millionKWh ngosuku. Singayinqoba inkinga yamandla ngokusebenzisa ngempumelelo i-biogas njengomthombo wamandla ohlukile. Izindleko zokufakwa kwesitshalo se-biogas azigcini nje ukonga kodwa futhi zinenzuzo ekwehliseni izifo zokuphefumula nezamehlo. I-PCRET ifake izitshalo ze-biogas ezingu-4109 ezweni lonke ezonga isilinganiso sama-Rs. 37.925 million ngenyanga ngokwamafutha kaphalafini, izinkuni, i-liquefied petroleum gas kanye nomanyolo we-bio.
IPakistan icabangela ubunkimbinkimbi bokuphehlwa kwamandla kagesi, ukukhula, kanye nokuthobela izivumelwano zamazwe amaningi. Ukucabanga kwesistimu kusetshenziswe ukuqonda ubunkimbinkimbi besimo samandla e-Pakistan ngokuyimelela ngomdwebo we-causal loop (CLD) obonisa ukuxhumana kanye nezimpendulo zohlelo. Ukuhlaziywa kusekelwe kuma-archetypes wesistimu ukuze kuhlonzwe indlela yokuziphatha yesistimu, okungukuthi, ukuwela kumjikelezo ononya wamalahle. Kwasetshenziswa imodeli yesitoko nokugeleza ukuze kuthwebule amandla okukhiqiza amandla ngobuningi, okubonisa ukuthi izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP elingama-5% lingase lizinzile ngokusekelwe ekuhleleni kwamanje ukukhulisa amandla kagesi ePakistan. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kufinyelelwe izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP ka-7%, njengoba kuhloswe ku-Vision 2025 yasePakistan, okuhlosiwe kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kuzodinga ukubuyekezwa ukuze kubhekwe ukuzwela kokukhula kwesidingo samandla esihlobene nezinga lokukhula kwe-GDP, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuhambisana nemithetho. izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
Lo msebenzi wethula inkinga yokushoda kokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi iPakistan ebhekene nayo njengamanje. Umsuka walokhu kushoda kokuphakelwa kukagesi kubaluliwe kulo msebenzi. Kuxoxwa ngomlando ofingqiwe kanye nesimo samanje sokukhiqizwa kukagesi nokusetshenziswa kwawo ezweni. Amandla okukhiqiza ugesi ePakistan emikhakheni eyahlukene ukukhiqiza amandla ayabukwa. Kuxoxwa ngokubaluleka kokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamalahle kanye nemithombo yamanzi ekukhiqizeni amandla kagesi. I-Pakistan ibusiswe ngezinsiza zamandla acebile futhi amakhulu avuselelekayo (RE). Le mithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ingadlala indima ephumelelayo nebonakalayo ekufakeni isandla ekuvikelekeni kwamandla kanye nasekuzimeleni kwamandla ezwe. Ezinye izibikezelo zenziwa ngesisekelo sedatha ye-empirical kanye nokubhekwa kokuqala. Isibikezelo esilinganisiwe sesidingo kanye nokuhlinzekwa kukagesi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ezayo nakho kuyavezwa kulesi sihloko.
Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuqonda kangcono nokusabalalisa ukunikezwa nesidingo embonini yezimoto yasePakistan. Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo ukuhlola imisebenzi ye-casing esinika amandla okuqonda kangcono ingxenye enkulu yemboni yezimoto (imoto) yasePakistan ngokusebenzisa inzalo nemingcele yezindleko zezinto zezimoto emkhakheni webhizinisi. Ucwaningo luhlose ukunquma amasheya emakethe wemikhiqizo yezimoto (imoto) embonini yezimoto yasePakistan. Ukuthola kuqinisekisa ukuthi e-Pakistan embonini yezimoto noma yezimoto (izimoto), uhlobo lweSuzuki lujabulela isabelo semakethe esiphezulu phakathi kwemikhiqizo ekhethiwe/ ebaluliwe futhi ihola imboni ngamasheya angu-29% emakethe. I-Toyota ijabulela amasheya emakethe angu-26% kuyilapho i-Honda brand iwumkhiqizo wesithathu ozuza kakhulu embonini yezimoto ePakistan ngamasheya emakethe angu-25%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNissan, iKia kanye neDaihatsu banamasheya emakethe angu-10%, 6% kanye no-4% ngokulandelana kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2019. Emazweni asathuthuka njengePakistan abantu banamaholo aphansi, ngakho-ke isinqumo sokuthenga imoto sidinga ukukhuthala okwengeziwe.
Ezingeni lethiyori, izincwadi ezikhona mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwentengo yezindleko eziseceleni ziyabuyekezwa. Njengoba kungenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukufaka amanani entengo aqinile, imithelela yenhlalakahle yentengo yesibili ehamba phambili enikezwe imodeli yamanani ye-Ramsey iyahlolwa. Imodeli yentengo ye-Ramsey inwetshiwe ukuze ihlanganise amanani olayini bokuphila kanye nezikhala zokunqamuka kukagesi. Imiphumela yenhlalakahle yentengo iqhathaniswa nezilinganiso ezingezona zentengo iyaqhathaniswa. Ngasohlangothini lwamakhono, imisebenzi yesidingo sikagesi ehlakaniphe emkhakheni ilinganiselwa kubasebenzisi bezindawo zokuhlala, izimboni, ezentengiselwano, nezolimo ePakistan. Izinombolo ze-Ramsey zitholwa kumkhakha ngamunye ngokusebenzisa izilinganiso zokunwebeka ezivela kule misebenzi yesidingo ehlanganiswe nezintengo nezilinganiso zezindleko eziphansi zomkhakha ngamunye. Kunqunywa ukuthi inqubomgomo yamanje yentengo ayilandeli izimiso zamanani e-Ramsey. Ukulahlekelwa kwezenhlalakahle okubangelwa ukwehluka kwamanani ezindleko eziphansi kuyalinganiselwa. Inkinga yokunqamuka kukagesi ePakistan iyahlaziywa futhi izindleko zayo zezenhlalakahle ziyanqunywa.
Emhlabeni wonke imakethe kagesi ihlelwa kabusha futhi yamukela uhlaka lwemboni olungalawulwa ukuze kube nemakethe ephumelelayo nencintisanayo. E-Pakistan ukuhlelwa kabusha komkhakha kagesi kwaqala ngo-1998 ngokusungulwa kwe-Pakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO). Ngawo lowo nyaka isiphathimandla esilawulayo, iNational Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) yafakwa. Ngo-2002 ukuhlukaniswa komkhakha kagesi kwenzeka futhi i-NEPRA yakhipha amalayisense ezinkampanini eziyisi-9 zokusabalalisa (i-DISCOS) kanye neyodwa ku-National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC) ukuze zidluliselwe. Nokho, kuze kube manje abukho ubudlelwano obusemthethweni benkontileka phakathi kwe-DISCO ne-NTDC obukhona. Leli phepha ligxile ekuthuthukisweni kwemodeli yokuhweba ngogesi kumodeli yemakethe yokuncintisana ngokucabangela zonke izinkinga abahwebi bamandla bamanje ePakistan ababhekene nazo. Eminye imibono iye yaphakanyiswa njengokwakhiwa kwe-Power exchange kanye ne-Independent System Operator (ISO) emakethe kagesi yasePakistan ukuze kumiswe ngokuphelele imakethe yamandla ekhona yasePakistan.
Ukutholakala kwamandla kagesi kube ngumthombo onamandla kakhulu wokusiza intuthuko yezomnotho, yezimboni nezenhlalakahle kunoma yimuphi umbuso. Amandla kagesi adluliswa ngezintambo zokudlulisela eziletha inqwaba yamandla eziteshini ezikhiqizayo ziye ezikhungweni zokulayisha kanye nakubathengi. Ukutadisha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulahlekelwa okungabalwa ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kukagesi .Ukulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa Kobuchwepheshe noma Ukulahlekelwa Okungekona Kobuchwepheshe. Ukulahlekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwe-Corona, umphumela we-Joule, Ukulahleka kweMagnetic kanye nomphumela wesikhumba. Nakuba ukulahlekelwa Okungezona ezobuchwephesha (zohwebo) kubandakanya, ukuntshontshwa kukagesi, ukucekelwa phansi kweziteshi zikagesi, ukufunda kabi kwamamitha, ukubalwa kabi kwezimali nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi, njll. Ukuze amandla kagesi afike kubasebenzisi bokugcina ngendlela nangekhwalithi efanele, ukudluliswa nokusabalalisa. ukulahlekelwa emigqeni kufanele kwehliswe kube sezingeni eliphansi.
Imboni yezimboni ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni komnotho wawo wonke amazwe. Inkinga kagesi ePakistan isiphenduke isikhubekiso esikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe. Kunezinqubo eziningi zezimboni ezidinga ukuhlinzekwa okungaphazanyiswa; ngisho nokunqamuka okungatheni kungadla izigidi zamaRandi. Isizathu esiyinhloko "sokuchithwa kwemithwalo" ePakistan ukuthi ikhiqiza ingxenye enkulu yamandla ayo kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, intengo yawo kanye nokufunwa kwayo kukhuphuka njalo. Iningi lamakhasimende ezingeni lezimboni nelezohwebo lisebenzisa i-Diesel Generator (DiG) njengomthombo othembekile wamandla kagesi lapho igridi ingekho. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-DiG phakathi namahora okulayisha kuzonyusa Izindleko Zamandla (COE) nge-kWh ngayinye futhi kuphinde kuthuthukise ukukhishwa kwemvelo. I-Pakistan inohlu olubanzi lwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo efana ne-bioenergy, umoya, ilanga, i-hydel, i-geothermal njll. Ukugcizelelwa okuhlukile kokuqaliswa kwe-microgrid yezimboni e-Faisalabad, e-Pakistan kubalulwe kuleli phepha.
Izitshalo zamandla elanga ezigxilile (CSP) zikhiqiza amandla kagesi ngokuguqula amandla okushisa kwelanga abe ukushisa okunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kusetshenziswa ukumiswa kwesibuko okuhlukahlukene ebese kuthuthwa ngejeneretha evamile. Lezi zitshalo zinezingxenye ezimbili: eyodwa eqoqa amandla elanga futhi iwaguqule ekushiseni, kanti enye eguqula amandla okushisa abe ngugesi. Lokhu kuhlangene kubizwa ngokuthi i-solar thermal electric power plant. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iPakistan ibhekene nezinkinga zamandla ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokushoda kwemibono kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe obusha obusafufusa obufakazelwe kahle. I-Pakistan inomthombo wemvelo wemvelo wamandla okushisa futhi lokhu kungasetshenziswa ngokwakha izitshalo ze-CSP ezifana nemikhumbi ye-parabolic, imibhoshongo kagesi, nesitsha/izinjini. Lobu buchwepheshe bungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kumasistimu kagesi akude amancane njengama-kilowatts ambalwa ukuya kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezixhunywe kugridi zamamegawathi angu-200-350.
IPakistan ibhekene nenkinga enkulu yamandla kagesi emlandweni okuholela ekunqanyulweni kukagesi amahora amade. Isidingo samandla sansuku zonke silinganiselwa ku-20000 megawatt (MW) kanti iPakistan Electric Power Company (PEPCO) ikwazi nje ukugcina u-12000 MW okuholela ekushodeleni kukagesi ka-6000 MW. I-UNDP ibike ukuthi cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.3 baphila ngaphandle kukagesi kanti ababili kwabathathu babo bavela emazweni ampofu angu-10 kanti ngeshwa iPakistan ikleliswe endaweni yesine. Ukunqamuka kukagesi kuyisithiyo esikhulu sokunciphisa ubumpofu emazweni asathuthuka. Umgomo oyinhloko walolu cwaningo ukuphenya imithombo eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kukagesi ezingeni lasekhaya kanye nokuhlola okuthandwayo kanye nokuzimisela ukukhokha (WTP) ukunciphisa ukucisha kukagesi. Senze inhlolovo yasendlini edolobheni laseFaisalabad, okuyindlu yaseManchester yasePakistan, sisebenzisa amasampula angahleliwe. Kwenziwa inhlolokhono yobuso nobuso yemizi eyi-4.
ITHEMU lezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke lihlanganisa inkimbinkimbi yamazwe nezindaba. Kuyenzeka ukuthi ubuke ezokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe njengesizinda se-system kazwelonke, ngayinye ibonisa umlando womphakathi wayo nezomnotho, futhi ngayinye izimele ngokujabulisayo ngaphandle kokubambisana ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe. Kuyenzeka ngokulinganayo ukubona intuthuko yezwe njengokwehlukahlukana endikimbeni eyodwa yomhlaba wonke, eqhutshwa ngokungenakuvinjelwa ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obuyisiphetho, njengokuhlangana kwezokuxhumana namakhompyutha. Noma Umuntu angaphikisa, njengoba kwenza lesi sihloko, ukuthi intuthuko efanayo ishintsha zonke izikhungo zokuxhumana ngezingcingo zamazwe ngamazwe namuhla: umfelandawonye wokufuna ukuqasha onikeze izixhumanisi zezithakazelo zezomnotho ezabiwe kuyo yonke imingcele uwohloka kancane kancane. Kulokhu, isiyaluyalu sezokuxhumana kufanele siqondwe njengokuyinto nje evamile-omunye wemikhakha elawulwa ngokuqinile usufana nomnotho wonke, hhayi ukuthi awusalawulwa kodwa "ojwayelekile."
Ukukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezingashayeli ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwazo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe enganele ingase ibangele imithelela emibi ikakhulukazi mayelana nokulahlekelwa ukuphila komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iletha izingqinamba zezenhlalo-zobuchwepheshe lapho indima yomuntu, into eyinhloko yohlelo, ibaluleka kakhulu. Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili ezimotweni ezingashayeli azikwazi ukutholakala ngendlela efanele uma ukukhathazeka okuhlobene nokuphepha akuzange kubhekwane nayo ngendlela efanele ohlelweni lokuklama. Enye indlela engaba khona eya phambili iwukuba uthole impendulo evela kubasebenzisi bobuchwepheshe futhi uhlanganise nezidingo zedizayini ngendlela efanele. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oludingekayo mayelana nezindaba ezahlukene eziphathelene nokuphepha okungenzeka abashayeli babhekane nazo, lolu cwaningo lwenhlolovo olusekelwe emibonweni yomphakathi lwenziwe eShayina nasePakistan okuhloswe kakhulu ngalo ukuthatha izinga lokuthembela komphakathi, imibono kanye nokulindelwe ohlelweni lwezimoto ezingashayeli, ngaphezulu. ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihlobene nokuphepha.
Ukukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezingashayeli ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwazo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe enganele ingase ibangele imithelela emibi ikakhulukazi mayelana nokulahlekelwa ukuphila komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iletha izingqinamba zezenhlalo-zobuchwepheshe lapho indima yomuntu, into eyinhloko yohlelo, ibaluleka kakhulu. Izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili ezimotweni ezingashayeli azikwazi ukutholakala ngendlela efanele uma ukukhathazeka okuhlobene nokuphepha akuzange kubhekwane nayo ngendlela efanele ohlelweni lokuklama. Enye indlela engaba khona eya phambili iwukuba uthole impendulo evela kubasebenzisi bobuchwepheshe futhi uhlanganise nezidingo zedizayini ngendlela efanele. Ukuze uthole ulwazi oludingekayo mayelana nezindaba ezahlukene eziphathelene nokuphepha okungenzeka abashayeli babhekane nazo, lolu cwaningo lwenhlolovo olusekelwe emibonweni yomphakathi lwenziwe eShayina nasePakistan okuhloswe kakhulu ngalo ukuthatha izinga lokuthembela komphakathi, imibono kanye nokulindelwe ohlelweni lwezimoto ezingashayeli, ngaphezulu. ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihlobene nokuphepha.
